States that chose a good location for their capitals:
Mississippi: Jackson is the largest city and near the center of the state. It also splits the difference between the Gulf Coast and the southern Memphis suburbs, the next two largest concentrations of population. (Southaven, in particular, has grown a lot in the past couple of decades, and is now the state's third largest city, after Jackson and Gulfport)
Oklahoma: OKC, the largest city, is in the middle of the state and within reasonable driving distance of Tulsa, the state's second largest city.
Arkansas: Little Rock is both the largest city and centrally located.
Tennessee: Nashville is fairly centrally located, is the second largest city (and its metro may be
the largest), and splits the difference between Memphis and East Tennessee (Chattanooga, Knoxville, etc.).
South Carolina: Columbia is dead-center in the state and the largest city, plus it's a middle ground between two other major concentrations of population: Greenville-Spartanburg in the interior and Charleston on the coast.
Maryland: Annapolis is quite a fair compromise between Baltimore and the DC suburbs, the two places where a Marylander is most likely to live. It also has sea access.
Alabama: This one is a toss-up between Birmingham and Montgomery. Either one could have worked very well, but Montgomery is the former capital of the Confederacy. Montgomery is also somewhat more centrally located for people in the growing Mobile area.
Colorado: Denver is the largest city with the largest metro area, and is convienently close to both Colorado Springs (the second largest city) and northern cities like Fort Collins. Since this state is larger than the UK, it's unavoidable that there will be places in the state that are far from the capital.
South Dakota: Pierre splits the difference between Rapid City in the west and Sioux Falls in the east.
Iowa: Des Moines is the largest city and has a fairly central location. Probably the best place to put the capital.
Indiana: "Indy" may be one of the very best state capital sites in the nation. Not only is it smack in the middle of the state, it's the largest city by far. Although I think the Hoosier State's center of population would be a bit farther north due to the eastern Chicago suburbs, certainly the second-largest population center.
Ohio: This may be
the best capital city site in the United States. Columbus is not just the largest city and in the center of the state, it also sits halfway between Cincinnati and Cleveland, perhaps the two largest metros.
Arizona: Fast-growing Phoenix has the largest metro by far in Arizona and is also fairly centrally located.
Missouri: I see no way to be fair to both KC and STL but to put the capital in the middle.
Utah: Salt Lake City is both the largest city and sits in the middle of the Wasatch Front region where most of the state's population lives. The downstate area (St. George, etc.) gets shafted, sure, but you can't please everybody in a state the size of Great Britain.
Kansas: Topeka is another capital site chosen with the population distribution in mind. It somewhat favors the KC metro over Wichita, the largest city (although there are probably more Kansans in the former). Not good if you live in the western part of the state, although western Kansas is famously empty, with no cities over 40,000 people, and as the case with Utah, there's no way to put a capital in a Great Britain-sized state without having it too far from
somebody. Topeka serves to be too far from as few people as possible.
Pennsylvania: As with Missouri, we're trying to be fair to both of the big cities on either end of the state. In this case, since Philadelphia is the bigger of the two, Harrisburg's location favors the City of Brotherly Love over the Steel City.
New Jersey: In a small state, there's really no bad place to put the capital. Trenton has the benefit of being between the eastern Philly 'burbs and the western NYC 'burbs.
Virginia: As mentioned earlier, Richmond is not far from either of the two main population centers of the Old Dominion. It's worth noting, for those who don't know much about VA, that this state kind of has an identity crisis, a split personality if you will. The eastern side of the state is largely urbanized and is where the majority of Virginians live, and is politically liberal (Democratic) like the Northeast; the western side is more mountainous, sparsely populated, and conservative-- decidedly more "Southern" in culture, as Spril can probably tell you. Definitely two states for the price of one.